The development of multimodal imaging and the evolution of vitrectomy devices and instruments have re­volutionized macular surgery and induced changes affecting our present issues. The use of more detailed, pathomechanism revealing diagnostic tools has refined the planning of surgical approach, improving the prognosis of diseases. The aim of this article is to present the diagnostic steps and current classification of the most important vitreomacular pathologies: epiretinal membranes, partial-thickness and full-thickness macular holes, and to describe the latest surgical techniques associated with them.

The dry eye syndrome and the Sjögren-syndrome may deteriorate the life of quality of the affected patients and may prevent the everyday working flow as well. The ophthalmologists should clarify the pathomechanism: is there a decreased tear production, or quick evaporation (evaporative pathomechaism) behind the complaints. The recognition of pathology is the key to successful therapy. The preservative free tear replacement is among the first line therapy options. The Conheal arteficial tear is not only preservative free, containing Na-hyaluorinate, but also may decrease the symptoms of conjunctivochalasis as well. In this article the therapeutic principles of the treatment of dry eye syndromes and Sjögren-syndrome will be reviewed in order to help ophthalmologists and general practitioners for successful treatments.

Introduction: According to the most recent national statistical data, hypertension is one of the most common chro­nic diseases in the adult population (aged 18 years and older). Although its primary (essential) form is more frequent, in 10-15% of the cases, there is an underlying cause behind hypertension (secondary form). At the time of the diagnosis of secondary hypertension, significant target-organ damage may already be present. Hypertension can have an adverse effect on the vascular network of the retina, leading to different stages of hypertensive retinopathy.
Objective: In this case report, we demonstrate the clinical presentation of a grade 3 hypertensive retinopathy caused by pheochromocytoma.
Case report: A 26-year-old female patient presented with a one-month history of bilateral visual impairment. Besides ocular symptoms, she had high systolic blood pressure (around 180 mmHg). Her fundus was characterised by arteriovenous crossing signs, flame-shaped and dot-and-blot haemorrhages, cotton-wool spots in the papillomacular area bilaterally, and hard exudates (“macular stars”) in the macular area in her right eye. Based on the medical history and fundus examination, we presumed grade 3 hypertensive retinopathy and confirmed it by imaging devices (optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography). We referred the patient to the Department of Internal Medicine for further investigations and treatment. Later, pheochromocytoma was confirmed as the underlying aetiology.
Discussion: Despite the high prevalence of hypertension, its serious ocular manifestations with visual impairment are rare. For differential diagnosis, several retinal vascular pathologies (e.g., diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion) can be considered, but careful evaluation of the patient's ocular and systemic state may help to determine the exact diagnosis. We would like to emphasise that thorough history-taking and holistic approach are also essential to ophthalmological practice.